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Objective:To investigate epidemiological trends and characteristics of syphilis in China from 2014 to 2019, and to provide evidence for developing prevention and control strategies.Methods:A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted to analyze personal, spatial and temporal distribution of syphilis cases reported in China from 2014 to 2019.Results:The reported incidence rate of syphilis in China increased from 30.93 per 100 000 in 2014 to 38.37 per 100 000 in 2019, with an average annual increase rate of 4.41%. From 2014 to 2019, the average annual rates of decrease in primary and secondary syphilis and congenital syphilis were 10.95% and 26.16% respectively, and the average annual rates of increase in tertiary syphilis and latent syphilis were 1.61% and 10.75% respectively. The reported incidence rate was high in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Zhejiang, Hainan and Fujian, etc. From 2014 to 2019, the reported annual incidence rate of syphilis was slightly lower in males than in females, and the male-to-female ratio ranged from 0.86∶1 to 0.96∶1. The population aged 15-19 years showed a rapid yearly increase in the reported incidence rate, with an average annual increase rate of 13.54%. The reported annual incidence rate of syphilis peaked in the population aged 25-34 years during 2014-2018, and in the population aged 20-24 years in 2019. Syphilis cases were reported in all occupational groups, the largest proportion of cases was found in farmers and migrant workers (41.19%-46.80%) , and the highest average annual increase rate of 20.72% was observed in students. Among all stages of syphilis, the proportions of primary syphilis and secondary syphilis decreased yearly, while the proportion of latent syphilis increased year by year, and went up to 82.95% in 2019.Conclusion:There was a yearly increase in the total reported incidence rate of syphilis in China from 2014 to 2019, but the reported incidence rates of primary syphilis and secondary syphilis decreased yearly; a rapid increase in the reported incidence rate of syphilis was observed among young people; farmers and migrant workers were the most affected populations; some regions in northwest China and southeastern coastal provinces showed relatively high reported incidence rates.
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Objective:To investigate epidemiological trends and characteristics of gonorrhea in China in recent years, and to provide evidence for developing prevention and control strategies.Methods:A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted to analyze personal, spatial and temporal distribution of gonorrhea cases reported in China from 2015 to 2019.Results:The reported incidence rate of gonorrhea in China increased from 7.36 per 100 000 in 2015 to 10.06 per 100 000 in 2017, and decreased to 8.45 per 100 000 in 2019, with an average annual increase rate of 3.51%. From 2015 to 2019, the reported annual incidence rate in males was about 5 times that in females. During the 5 years, the reported incidence rate rapidly increased year by year in the groups aged 15 - 19 years and 20 - 24 years, with average annual increase rates of 33.67% and 22.77% respectively, but decreased or kept stable in the remaining age groups. High reported incidence rates were observed in the groups aged 25 - 29 years and 30 - 34 years from 2015 to 2018, but in the groups aged 20 - 24 years and 15 - 19 years in 2019. Gonorrhea cases were reported in all occupation groups, the largest proportion of cases was found in farmers and migrant workers (29.81% - 33.36%), and the highest average annual increase rate of 31.09% was observed in students. The reported incidence rate was high (> 12 per 100 000) in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, etc., but low (< 3 per 100 000) in Hebei, Tianjin, Tibet, etc.Conclusions:In general, the reported incidence rate of gonorrhea in China had been slightly increasing in the past 5 years, and was markedly higher in males than in females. The population with high incidence of gonorrhea tended to be younger, farmers and migrant workers were the most important affected populations, and the southeast coastal areas in China showed a relatively high reported incidence rate.
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Objective:To investigate epidemiological trend and characteristics of genital Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection in China in recent years, and to provide evidence for making Ct infection prevention and control strategies. Methods:A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted to analyze personal, spatial and temporal distribution of genital Ct infection cases reported from 105 national sexually transmitted disease (STD) surveillance sites in China from 2015 to 2019.Results:The reported incidence rate of genital Ct infection increased from 37.18 per 100 000 in 2015 to 55.32 per 100 000 in 2019, with the average annual rate of increase being 10.44%. The reported incidence rates at national STD surveillance sites ranged from 0 to 1 309.38 per 100 000, which were relatively high in Zhejiang, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces. Increasing trends in the reported incidence rate were observed among both females and males. From 2015 to 2019, the reported annual incidence rate in males was lower than that in females, and the male-to-female reported incidence rate ratio decreased from 0.43 (22.57 per 100 000 vs. 52.74 per 100 000) in 2015 to 0.32 (27.35 per 100 000 vs. 84.55 per 100 000) in 2019. The reported incidence rates increased yearly in the groups aged more than 15 years, and the average annual rate of increase was highest in the group aged 20 - 24 years (25.81%) , followed by the group aged 15 - 19 years (22.55%) ; the sexually active population aged 20 - 34 years showed the highest reported incidence rate among all the age groups, and the reported incidence rate was up to 184.70 per 100 000 in this age group in 2019. Genital Ct infection cases were reported among all occupation groups, and the largest proportion of cases was found in unemployed population (32.86% - 38.50%) , followed by commercial service population (25.29% - 27.84%) . General hospitals reported the largest number of genital Ct infection cases (68.30% - 74.59%) , followed by maternal and child health hospitals. Conclusions:The reported incidence rate of genital Ct infection was high with an increasing trend in China from 2015 to 2019, and the southeastern coastal provinces of China showed a relatively high repoted incidence rate. Genital Ct infection affected a wide range of people in different occupations. The reported incidence rate in females was higher than that in males, and the population with a high incidence tended to be younger.
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Objective To investigate the spatial distribution characteristics and patterns of congenital syphilis in China,and to make suggestions and recommendations for precise prevention of motherto-child transmission of syphilis.Methods The geographic information system software ArcGIS 10.0 was used to conduct exploratory spatial data analysis on the basis of congenital syphilis cases reported from 31 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government in 2010 and 2015.Results In 2015,a total of 7 251 congenital syphilis cases were reported,which decreased by 40.00％ compared with the case number in 2010 (12 084 cases).The global spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed a positive spatial autocorrelation in the number of reported cases at the county level in China between 2010 and 2015,with Global Moran's I indices of 0.46 and 0.37,respectively.The degree of spatial clustering of congenital syphilis was lower in 2015 than in 2010.The local spatial autocorrelation analysis was further performed to output the hot-spot mappings of congenital syphilis at the county level in 2010 and 2015.In 2010,207 hot-spot counties with a high number of congenital syphilis cases (＞ 12 cases) were identified,and these counties were mainly distributed in 3 core areas including southwest China (Chongqing,eastern Sichuan and northern Guizhou),eastern China (southern Jiangsu,Zhejiang and northern Fujian),and southern and central China (Guangxi,Guangdong and mid-east Hunan).In 2015,72 hot-spot counties with a high number of congenital syphilis cases (＞ 12 cases)were identified,and mainly distributed in 5 core areas including northwest China (western Xinjiang),mid-east Qinghai,southwest and central China (Sichuan,Chongqing,Guizhou and Hunan),eastern China (Jiangsu,Anhui),and southern China and eastern China (Guangdong and Fujian).Conclusions In Zhejiang,Shanghai,Guangdong,Guangxi,Sichuan and Chongqing,the number of hot-spot counties with a high reported congenital syphilis cases was significantly lower in 2015 than in 2010,suggesting that the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis had achieved a primary success.At present,hot-spots counties with a high number of congenital syphilis cases are mainly distributed in western Xinjiang,mid-east Qinghai,Sichuan,Chongqing,Guizhou and so on,Therefore,the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis should be strengthened in these areas.
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Objective To investigate epidemiological features of genital herpes in China from 2008 to 2017,and to provide scientific evidences for developing control strategies.Methods A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted to analyze personal,spatial and temporal distribution of genital herpes cases reported from 105 sexually transmitted disease (STD) surveillance sites between 2008 and 2017.Results The reported incidence of genital herpes decreased from 8.30 per 100 000 in 2008 to 6.14 per 100 000 in 2017,with an average annual decline rate of 3.29％.There was marked variation in the reported incidence of genital herpes among different STD surveillance sites,with a range from ＜ 1 per 100 000 to 113.51 per 100 000.The reported incidence was relatively high in Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,Zhejiang,Fujian,Chongqing and Hubei,but low in north China and central China.In addition,no cases were reported at a few sites in rural areas.The reported annual incidence was higher in females than in males in 2016,but higher in males than in females in the other years.The ratio of male to female cases decreased from 1.77 ∶ 1 in 2008 to 1.03:1 in 2017.Among all the age groups,the sexually active population aged 20-39 years showed high reported incidence of genital herpes,with the highest reported incidence observed in the group aged 25-34 years (range,17.84/100 000-26.89/100 000).Among all kinds of medical institutions,general hospitals had the largest number of reported cases of genital herpes (range,58.13％-76.52％),followed by specialized dermatovenereology hospitals,gynecology hospitals and maternal and child health (MCH) hospitals.Conclusions Although the overall reported incidence of genital herpes shows a downward trend,the reported incidence is high in Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,Zhejiang,Fujian,Chongqing and Hubei.Therefore,different prevention strategies are needed to be developed according to the epidemiological features.
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Objective To investigate epidemiologic features of genital Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infection in China,and to provide scientific evidence for developing control strategies.Methods A descriptive epidemiological study was conducted to analyze personal,spacial and temporal distribution of genital Ct infection cases reported from 105 national sexually transmitted disease (STD) surveillance sites in China between 2008 and 2015.Results The reported incidence rate of genital Ct infection increased from 32.48 per 100 000 in 2008 to 37.18 per 100 000 in 2015,with the average annual rate of increase being 1.95％.There was marked variation in the reported incidence of genital Ct infection (range,＜ 1/100 000-615.99/100 000) among different STD surveillance sites,which was relatively high in the Pearl River Delta region,Yangtze River Delta region,Minjiang River region and some ethnic minority areas in western China,but low in north China and central China.In addition,no cases were reported at a few sites in rural areas.The reported annual incidence rate was higher in females than in males from 2008 to 2015,and the ratio of male to female cases decreased from 0.61:1 in 2008 to 0.46:1 in 2015.Among all age groups,the sexually active population aged 20-44 years showed high reported incidence of genital Ct infection,with the highest reported incidence observed in the group aged 25-29 years (range,116.72/100 000-142.98/100 000);the group aged 15-19 years showed the highest average annual rate of increase (10.06％) in the reported incidence of genital Ct infection.Among all kinds of medical institutions,general hospitals had the largest number of reported cases (range,66.00％-74.22％),followed by gynecology hospitals,Maternal and Child Health (MCH) hospitals and specialized dermatovenereology hospitals.Conclusions Genital Ct infection has been one of important public health issues in China,more attention should be paid to its prevention,and effective preventive measures are needed to be developed according to epidemiologic features.
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Objective To understand the performance of HIV detection,prevalence and related factors in sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinics and provide evidence for the improvement of HIV test and counsel services.Methods From January 2013 to December 2014,a survey was conducted in 9 sentinel STD clinics in Laoning province and other 6 provinces.Newly diagnosed STD patients were asked to fill out in STD reporting cards and encouraged to receive HIV test and counsel.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the factors associated with the acceptance of HIV test.Results Of the 5 063 STD cases reported,2 668(52.7％) received the HIV screening test,in which,63(2.4％) were positive for HIV.Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the acceptance of HIV test was associated with the location of STD clinic,patients' original living place,patient' s marital status,type of STD,and reasons for seeking medical care in STD clinic.Conclusion HIV counsel and test were well accepted by STD patients,and the HIV positive rate was high.More studies are needed to further explore factors that impede the acceptance of HIV counsel and test services in STD clinics.
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Objective To investigate epidemiological characteristics and trends of gonorrhea in China, and to provide a scientific basis for the development of control strategies. Methods An epidemiological study was performed on gonorrhea cases reported from 31 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the central government between 2000 and 2014. Results The reported incidence rate of gonorrhea decreased from 22.92 per 100 000 in 2000 to 7.25 per 100 000 in 2014, with the average annual rate of decrease being 7.89%. There was a significant difference in the incidence of gonorrhea between different regions. The regions with the highest incidence rate of gonorrhea were Yangtze River Delta region(Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu)and Zhujiang River Delta region(Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan), followed by northwest China (Xinjiang, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia). The incidence of gonorrhea was higher in males than in females, and the average male/female ratio increased from 1.96 ∶ 1 in 2000 to 4.52 ∶ 1 in 2014. The population aged 20 - 44 years showed high incidence of gonorrhea, and the highest incidence rate of gonorrhea was observed in the age group 25 - 29 years in both men and women. The incidence of gonorrhea decreased in all the age groups from 2000 to 2014 except the age group 15 - 19 years with an annual growth rate of 4.18%. Of 20 occupations, peasant workers accounted for the highest proportion (26.00%)of reported gonorrhea cases, and the number of reported gonorrhea cases showed a decreasing trend in all the occupations. Conclusions Gonorrhea remains a major public health issue in China, and effective measures based on epidemiological features are urgently needed to control gonorrhea.
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Objective To investigate the trends in and characteristics of syphilis epidemiology in China,and to provide a scientific basis for the development of control strategies.Methods An epidemiological study was performed on syphilis cases reported from 31 provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities between 2000 and 2013.Results The reported syphilis incidence increased yearly from 6.43 per 100 000 person-years in 2000 to 32.86 per 100 000 person-years in 2013,with an average annual growth rate of 13.37％.Syphilis was reported in most (99％) counties/districts in China mainland except for a few remote mountain areas,with a significant difference in the incidence of syphilis between different regions.The regions with a high incidence of syphilis included minority areas in Northwest China (Xinjiang,Qinghai and Ningxia),Minjiang River area,Yangtze River Delta (Zhejiang,Shanghai),Zhujiang River Delta (Guangxi,Guangdong),etc.There had been a rapid increase in the incidence of syphilis in some regions previously reported to have a low incidence (such as Guizhou,Shaanxi,Henan,etc).Among the reported cases,female patients predominated with an average male/female ratio of 0.92 ∶ 1.The incidence of syphilis was highest in the age group of 20-39 years,but increased yearly by more than 30％ in the population aged ＞ 60 years.Of 20 occupations,peasant workers accounted for the highest proportion (31.56％) of syphilis cases,and retired population showed the most rapid increase by about 27.35％ per year.The constituent ratio of primary and secondary syphilis in all the syphilis cases had declined yearly,while that of latent syphilis increased by more than 50％ after 2010.Conclusions Syphilis remains a major public health issue in China,and measures based on the epidemiological features are urgently needed to effectively control epidemic syphilis.
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Objective To understand the prevalence rates of club drug use and how it associated with syphilis infection among female sex workers (FSWs) in different areas of China so as to provide reference for developing intervention programs.Methods In each of the study site,different kinds of venues where FSWs solicited clients were mapped and grouped into three strata.The number of FSWs at each venue was enumerated.A stratified proportional sampling design was adopted to recruit FSWs.Questionnaire survey was conducted to gather data on demographic information,club drug use and sexual behaviors.Blood samples were taken and tested for syphilis.Factors associated with syphilis infection and club drug use were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models.Results Results of the 1 630 participants,120 (7.4％) used club drugs in the past 12 months,and 5.4％ (88/1 630) tested positive for syphilis.Syphilis positive rate was not significantly different between FSWs who used club drugs and those who did not.Data from multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that club drug use was associated with following factors as sites of the study,hometown of the FSWs,marital status,education level,having had STD symptoms or history of injecting drugs in the past 12 months of the sex workers.Conclusion Club drug use was highly prevalent among FSWs.Further studies are warranted to fully explore the association between club drug use and the risk of HIV/STD transmission.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To apply workbook method for the estimation on syphilis epidemic in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data on population size and syphilis infection were collected by national STD and HIV/AIDS surveillance system among six populations aged from 15 to 49 years old in 31 provinces in 2011. Six groups included female sex workers (FSW), men who have sex with men (MSM), STD clinic attendee, drug users, pregnant women and general population. Meta analysis was applied to pool the different prevalence of the same population in the different sentinels of each province, and then workbook method was applied to estimate the syphilis epidemic in China.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The estimation of syphilis epidemic(95%CI) was 2 979 422(1 504 000-6 063 309) among the populations aged 15 to 49 years old in 2011. The estimation among FSW was 54 624 (38 422-78 875) , that of MSM was 265 453 (162 586-506 520) , that of STD clinic attendee was 53 555 (31 256-98 057) , that of drug users was 94 244 (66 475-139 349) , that of pregnant women was 70 062 (39 942-136 584) and that of general population was 2 441 484 (1 165 319-5 103 924) . The proportion of general population in the whole estimation of syphilis infection was 81.94%, and that of MSM was 8.91%. The estimation of syphilis incidence was 1 489 711 among 15 to 49 years old, and the estimation of syphilis prevalence was 0.40% in the whole country. The estimation of incidence in this research was 5.2 times as the number of reported cases from China information system for diseases control and prevention.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Workbook method was a scientific and feasible toolkit for the estimation of syphilis epidemic in China, and the estimation outcomes were greatly significant for syphilis control.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Pregnancy , China , Epidemiology , Drug Users , Epidemics , Epidemiologic Methods , Incidence , Prevalence , Sexual Behavior , Syphilis , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
AIM: To verify the protection of astragalus polysaecharide (APS) on H2O2 - stressed skin fibro-blasts. METHODS: A model of acute H2O2 stress in primary skin fibroblast was used at concentration of 0.5 mmol/L by 30 rain incubation. Dose responses of APS on cell survival was measured by MTI, cell death was evaluated by DAPI, and effect of APS on mitochondria, mitochondrial membrane potential and lysesome stabilization were measured by confocal microscopy. RESULTS: APS improved cell survival in a dose -dependent manner, starting at 0. 5 mg/L and with a maximum at 1 mg/L. Moreover, APS inhibited mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, protected mitechondrial morphology and stablized lysosomal membrane. CONCLUSION: The results suggest the existence, at the mitochondria-lysosome level, of a new pathway of apoptotic regulation by APS. This might constitute a new therapeutic target where oxidative stress and lysesomal impairment are involved.
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Glycosaminoglycan(GAG) has recently become an important landscape of discovering new mechanisms of apoptosis stressed by oxidative stress.In this review,we focused the signal transduction passways of GAG in lysosome which can inhibit apoptosis induced by oxidative stress.
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Objective To determine the coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis case reporting in China,and provide information for managing STD case-reporting,investigating under-reporting and evaluating STD epidemic.Methods The gonorrhea and syphilis case-reporting data from 31 provinces in 2005 were collected with systematic sampling by months of February,May,August and November through National Information System for Disease Control and Prevention,and the coverage of the casereporting by county category in 31 provinces were analyzed.Results The average coverage of gonorrhea case-reporting were 56.66%,66.33%,68.90% and 68.27% in February,May,August and November in 2005,respectively,while the average coverage of syphilis were 42.61%,55.56%,59.46% and 60.59% in these months,respectively.The coverage of case reporting in developed or southeast ern areas,such as Shanghai,Beijing,Tianjin,Chongqi,Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Guangdong,Guangxi,Hainan,and Fujian provinces was higher by more than 80%.However,the coverage in economically less-developed or west ern areas,including.Hebei,Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,Shaanxi,Gansu,Yunnan,Guizhou,Qinghai and Tibet provinces,was lower by less than 50%.Conclusions Overall,the coverage of gonorrhea and syphilis case reporting in the country is relatively low,which directly compromises the accuracy of STD case reporting data.It is suggested that management,surveillance and evaluation of STD case reporting should be strengthened,especially in economically less-developed or western areas.
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AIM: To explore the mechanism of Nao-re-qing oral liquid (NRQ) decreasing endotoxin (ET)-induced fever in rabbits. METHODS: (1) The ET-induced fever model was established in rabbits. Febrile response of rabbits was observed. (2) The arginine vasopressin (AVP) content in the ventral septal area (VSA),and cAMP content in hypothalarmus (HP) and CSF were determined by radioimmunoassay.RESULTS: (1) In ET group,the maximal increment in body temperature (?T) [(1.80?0.16) ℃],6 h thermal respone index (TRI_6)(11.31?0.20),the cAMP content in the HP [(1.35?0.21)nmol/g],the cAMP content in CSF [(66.69?1.82) nmol/L] and AVP content in the VSA [(30.80?9.59)ng/g ] were significantly higher than those in NRQ+ET group[?T(0.82?0.08) ℃,TRI_6(5.73?0.09),HP: cAMP(0.70?0.50)nmol/g,CSF: cAMP(56.86?1.34),AVP:(11.91?3.47)ng/g]( P
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AIM:To observe the antipyretic effect of Naoreqing(NRQ)oral solution in rabbits with endotoxin-induced fever.METHODS:The ET-induced fever model was established in rabbits.The digital thermometer was used to register rectal temperature.The endothelin content in blood plasma,and tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF?)in blood serum were determined by radioimmunoassay.The activities of tissue-type plasminogen activator(t-PA)and plasminogen activator inhibitor(PAI)in plasma were measured by the assay of chromogenic substrate.At the same time,the pathology of lung,kidney and liver were observed.RESULTS:① NRQ showed obvious antipyretic effect in the rabbits with endotoxin-induced fever(P
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AIM: To investigate the antipyretic mechanism of Naoreqing (NRQ) oral liquid, a Chinese medicine. METHODS: ① Fever models of rabbits were established by intravenous. injection of endogenous pyrogen (EP). ② The antipyretic action of NRQ were observed. ③ cAMP contents in the hypothalamus (HP) and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: ① NRQ obviously reduced body temperature of febrile rabbits induced by EP (P